Research Papers on Poverty

Poverty is the lack of basics needs such as health care, clean water, education, nutrition shelter and clothing as a result of inability to afford them. It   is also referred to as destitution or absolute poverty. Relative poverty is situation whereby resources are inadequate or less income compared to others within a society or country as compared to worldwide averages. Approximately 1.7 billion people in the world live in poverty. Poverty had become a norm before the industrial revolution. Long term effects of poverty on children Cognitive Abilities Research has indicated that poverty has greater effects on a child cognitive development and that when exposed to poverty for a long term, may result in more significant but quite reversible damages. Children brought up below the poverty line are 1.3 times more likely to have learning disabilities or delayed development as compared to other children who are from non-poor families. Under nutrition alongside other environmental factors related to poverty can retard physical growth permanently, cognitive functioning and brain development. Typically intake of low nutrition results to low motivation, emotional expression, and attentiveness, which negatively affects critical development process including child-parent attachment and communication, learning and playing. Physical Health According to National Centre for Health statistics, children brought up in poor environment develop poor health and are much likely to die as compared to those children from non-poor families or backgrounds. Such children are likely to die of infectious diseases unlike their counterparts from well-off families. Children from poor grounds are at an increased risk for low birth -weights, anemia, asthma, stunted growth which results to poisoning amid many healthcare complications as compared to those from non-poor families. School Achievement Outcome School unreadiness is one of the most critical effects of child poverty in the classroom according to researchers. This unreadiness has a permanent or lasting effect that goes way beyond kindergarten. In fact larger number of children from low income societies join kindergarten class already far behind their peers and by the time they are in the fourth grade, more than 50% of the children from poor grounds will not meet the reading proficiency standards. High numbers of students from poor families drop out of school six times more as compared to those from well-off families. Early childhood longitudinal study has revealed that children experience smaller gains between kindergarten an third grade in areas of reading when exposed to child risk factors such as poverty. Poor children in high school are taught by out-of field teachers as compared to non-poor students, which means that poor children’s may not always share class with non poor students and cannot be taught by teachers with the same expertise in math’s, English and science. Performance in school is affected by nutritional level of children. According to the Centre on Hunger Poverty; poor students perform significantly below level required of them as compared to non-poor students. Emotional and Behavioral outcome Depression in parents has been found to be more common among low income parents. Research by National Centre for Children in Poverty has indicated that children below age six whose parents demonstrate substance abuse, depression, and domestic difficulties, are exposed to greater risk of use of food banks, homelessness, inadequate medical care unsafe or unreliable child care. Research indicates that children from poor families experience emotional and behavioral problems more often as compared to those from non-poor families. For instance a study carried out on the low birth weight five-year-old shown that children in persistently poor grounds had more externalizing and internalizing behavioral problems as compared those from well off backgrounds. Poor children brought up by depressed mothers may also suffer from trust issues, aggression, problems forging relationships’ with other children and vulnerability of future substance abuse. Teenage pregnancy Girls from poor grounds are more vulnerable to pregnancy as compared to those from non-poor families. According to the National Institute of Child Health and Humans Development, teen mothers drop out of high school more often as compared to those from non poor families Children from teenage mothers are likely to perform poorly in high school and likely to repeat grade, performing poorly on standardized tests as compared to their counterpart from rich families. Such children are most unlikely to complete their education. Causes of poverty Poverty has many causes many of them being basic. They include; overpopulation, a situation of having a large number of people while the resources are inadequate and also an inadequate space. The large population cannot be satisfied by the scarce resource and the limited space thus resulting to lack of some basics. This cans also result from population density. Unequal distribution of resources is another cause of poverty whereby world economy is imbalanced as a result of unfair distribution of resources. The problem of poverty is pervasive and massive in developing countries which in the recent decades have been trying to alleviate poverty by employing technology and industry. However social scientist still argues that developed countries practice a form of colonialism known as neocolonialism which increase poverty in developing countries. High standard of living and cost of living is another cause of poverty. People in developed countries may have more wealth and resource than those in developing countries, thus their standards of living are generally high causing those who have what should be considered adequate resources in developing nations to be considered poor in developed countries. Inadequate education and employment also play a greater role in the cause of poverty. Government in developing countries can not afford to foot the cost of availing good learning institutions especially in rural areas Such governments are also unable to create job opportunities to its people. Other causes of poverty include environmental degradatory economy, demographic trade and individual responsibility and welfare dependency. Consequences of poverty Poverty influences children development in that experts have long recognized as essential to normal development. For instance economic stress interferes with position, high quality part children interactions. Children living in poor families are socially isolated and painfully aware of the stigma and shame related to poverty. Reports on research carried out indicate that adults criticize and disapprove poor children. Living in poor families increase the chances of living in poor neighborhood which is more exposed to violence and inadequate social support for families. Social isolation and shame, stressful parents-child relationship and poor neighborhood are examples of potential pathways through which poverty produce negative results. Other consequences of poverty include low quality child care, inability to provide good learning environment at home, and chronic exposion to violence and poor parental mental health. How the government can reduce poverty Several initiatives by the government can help alleviate poverty. The government should come up with preparatory urban processes that give advice in decision making to the poor and marginalized population with an aim to aid in eradication of poverty. The government should also partner with communities, community based organizations and non-governmental organizations including advocacy groups to help them in establishment of good learning grounds and also provision of resources. The government should also initiate programs for the improvement of both the urban and the rural environment.It should come up with systems of supporting small businesses and microfinance’s to help in the improvement of the economy. The government should also collaborate with philanthropic organizations and foundations on social projects and also initiate special programs to help reach vulnerable groups. The government should also come up with schemes like irrigation projects to help in the provision of food and production of agricultural produce. It should also adopt technology and industrialization to help in the creation of job opportunities. The government should also aim at improving infrastructure in both urban and rural areas. In conclusion poverty is an epidemic that each and every other government should try and eradicate.Every effort should be employed inthewar against poverty for the well being of the society and the world in general.Learning institutions of higher quality should be put up to provide good learning environment.Job opportunities should be created for the educated individual to help fight poverty. References Ascher, C. (1998). Improving school-home connection for low-income urban parents.   ERIC Clearinghouse on Urban Education, NY, NY. Bandura, A. (2001).   Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective.   Annual Review of Psychology Annual 1-26.   WilsonWeb July 11, 2001. Bassey, M.  ( 1996.) Teachers for a changing society: Helping neglected children cope with schooling. The Educational Forum,61, 58-62. Wilson Web June 30, 2001. Benard, B.  (1995). Fostering resilience in children. ERIC Digests.

Drug Use And The Factors That Influence A Future Drug...

This paper explores various ways adolescent brain is susceptible to risky behaviors such as drug use and the factors that influence a future drug addiction. Adolescence is a time of growth both physically and mentally as well as emotionally. Risky behaviors, such as drug use, are likely to appear during this time. It isn’t until early adulthood that the prefrontal cortex, the area of our brain responsible for logical thought and reasoning, is developed. Many underlying factors of substance abuse are well known, such as family dynamics, genetics and mental illness. Studies have shown that genetics influence a predisposition to addiction/alcoholism and influenced by family dynamics. Several studies have shown how integral a supportive family†¦show more content†¦These behaviors are expected and as normative development continues risky behaviors are known to stop. This time period is critical as it is where drug use is initiated, often by peers or family members. Due to the many developmental changes during adolescence this is a sensitive period for negative consequences. Drug use during adolescence creates risks such as lowered cognitive development, personality changes, mental illness, changes in consciousness and motivation. It is during this period that drug experimentation can lead to a substance use disorder. Brain development and risky behavior As mentioned, decisions are often ruled by the â€Å"reward† center of the brain and lack the necessary maturation to think logically about consequences. As the brain matures during late adolescence, specifically the pre-frontal cortex, logic and reasoning begin to appear. The varying rates at which these areas develop explain stereotypical adolescent behavior. Behavior such as sensation seeking, impulsivity and risky behavior are noticeable during this period. According to Conrad Nikolaou, â€Å"The early maturity in adolescent fronto-basal-ganglia/limbic circuitry is proposed to result in adolescent behavior being strongly driven by a heightened sensitivity to rewards and positive outcomes. Due to the late maturation of prefrontal control circuits, adequate control of these responses is compromised, and thus the propensity to risky behavior is increased.† (Conrad and Nikolaou,Show MoreRelatedEssay Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Substance Abuse1125 Words à ‚  |  5 Pagesof contributions to the risk of addiction, specifically, genetic (nature) vs. environmental (nurture) contributions through a review of the existing literature. The nature-based view is that expression of addiction (phenotype) is based upon genetic predisposition (genotype). Numerous genetic studies on pedigree have been conducted over the years. The majority of the results of these studies indicate that monozygotic twins have higher concordance of addiction than dizygotic twins. More specificallyRead MoreDrug Addiction Problem1399 Words   |  6 PagesProblem of Drug Addiction 1.Drug abuse and addiction continues to be a global issue. According to the â€Å"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime† (UNODC), about 5% of the global population used an illicit drug in 2010 alone, and about 27 million or 0.6 percent of the adult population of the world can be categorized as drug abusers. A7 2.This paper explores some of the measures that can be taken to resolve the drug addiction problem in the world. 3.Addressing various risk and protective factors, deliveringRead MoreSubstance Abuse Among Teenagers : A Survey1201 Words   |  5 Pageshigh school students currently use addictive substances, and like Hannah, 1 in 3 of them are addicted (â€Å"National Study Reveals,†2011). 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The National Institute1116 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding Drug Use and Addiction The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) describes addiction as a, â€Å"chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful consequences† (â€Å"Understanding Drug Use and Addiction,† 2016). Long-term use can effect and change a person’s ability to learn, judge, and make decisions. Stress, memory issues, and behavior problems are also common side effects of extended drug use. There is not one single factor thatRead MoreThe Self Medication Hypothesis Of Drug Abuse And Drug Addiction1213 Words   |  5 Pagescurrent thought regarding drug abuse and drug addiction is controlled by the â€Å"hijacked brain† concept, which states that a user’s brain is altered by a drug at exposure and can eventually lead to addiction. Such theories are only just that: theories, with little to no clinical evidence to support their claim. 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Free Sample Solution on Labour Relations In Canada

Question: Describe about the Labour Relations In Canada? Answer: Introduction Labour relation is a dynamic and ever changing process. It is defined as the dealings and interaction between the management and workers of an organization regarding the employment conditions. Labour relations become a crucial part of that organization which has enormous size of Labour force and thus requires a union to handle them. (Investorglossary.com, 2015) Considering a recent happening in Ottawa, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police was previously deprived by exercising collective bargaining. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police, popularly known as the Mounties, is considered to provide police service to entire Canada at a federal level. RCMP is famous for being a policing body at national, federal, provincial and municipal level. The Star, a daily newspaper in Canada, by Tonda MacCharles, Ottawa Bureau reporter, highlighted the issue based on the fact that RCMP were previously were deprived of collective bargaining and all other benefits of a public sector employee. There was a ban on formation of union of RCMP as an independent labour association. The RCMP never had the power to negotiate pay or solve problems related to harassment. But the article portrays that the Supreme Court has depicted the law that prevented the Canadian Mounties to form union was contrary to section 2(d) of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Supreme Court had paved way for the RCMP to form union and participate in collective bargaining and utilize other benefits. (MacCharles, 2015) Key Details Of A Newspaper Article Based on the report of the newspaper, The Star, Canada, by Tonda MacCharles, Ottawa Bureau reporter, the Public Service Labour relations Act excluded the Royal Canadian Mounted Policies (RCMP) from the definition of what a public sector employee is and the regulations under the RCMP Act scheme poses that 21,000 regular and civilian members who are represented by 34 staff representatives who try to resolve the workplace issue. But these RCMP never had the authority to negotiate pay, or exercise benefits of other issues as other public service unions perform. Rae Banwarie, president of the Mounted Police Professional Association of Canada and a RCMP crime investigator was of the view that without a union the RCMP couldnt exercise collective bargaining, benefits and also couldnt solve problems related to sex harassment and bullying. The decision of the Supreme Court of Canada overturned itself and announced that the law which kept the Mounties from forming a union is unconstitutional. A nd that the Mounties should be given the power to collective bargain and exercise all the powers and benefits of any unions in Canada by forming an independent labour association. (MacCharles, 2015) Analysis Of The Article The Public Service Labour Relation Act along with the RCMP Act had deprived the Mounties of benefits and collective bargaining rights. Like any other public service employee the RCMP should also exercise the benefits of a unionized labour force. The problems of sex harassment and bullying within the Mounties were delayed due to not implementing any schemes to exercise collective bargaining and other benefits of a unionized labour. Around more than 50 percent of the Mounties wanted a Scheme that enabled them to exercise all the powers of unionized labour. Thus, the decision of the Supreme Court of Canada of declaring a ban on Mounties to form a union was unconstitutional. (Blanchfield, 2015) Recent Happenings The verdict of the Supreme Court of Canada on the unionization of the RCMP was followed by three other significant rulings on the section 2(d) of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The three decisions that changed the labour relation structure of Canada included Mounted Police Association of Ontario v. Canada (MPAO), Meredith v. Canada and Saskatchewan Federation of Labour v. Saskatchewan (SFL). The significance of the three major conclusions from Canadas Supreme Court would be resonating for years. MPAO, like RCMP are entitled to participate and exercise collective bargaining. (Scc-csc.lexum.com, 2015) SFL demanded to allow their employees to exercise the right to strike and the Meredith is of the opinion that possessing the right to form union and collective bargain or to strike does not necessarily imply that the employees get what they demand. (Scc-csc.gc.ca, 2012) They are permitted a seat at the table. (Scc-csc.lexum.com, 2015) (Law, 2015) Conclusion The decision of the Canadas Supreme Court has highlighted the issues of collective bargaining of the public sector employee. The decision allows the employees to constitutional form a bargaining structure which would be independent of management control. Employees must choose their own representative and put forward issues before the management. The decision of Supreme Court also helped to clarify the collective bargaining procedure and also directed solutions other cases (as discussed). Thus, the starting point for the new era for the RCMP would be an independent association who would be able to bargain collectively. (LLP, 2015) References Investorglossary.com, (2015).Labour Relations Definition - What is Labour Relations?. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.investorglossary.com/Labour-relations.htm Blanchfield, M. (2015). Mounties have the right to collective bargaining, Supreme Court decides.The Canadian Press. Retrieved from https://ca.news.yahoo.com/supreme-court-set-rule-today-whether-rcmp-officers-113047202.html MacCharles, T. (2015). Supreme Court strikes down rule that bans RCMP from forming union.The Star, Canada. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2015/01/16/supreme-court-strikes-down-rule-that-bans-rcmp-union.html Law, D. (2015).Supreme Court of Canada strengthens employee association rights in a trilogy of cases in January 2015 | Gowlings Articles Resources.M.gowlings.com. Retrieved 21 February 2015, from https://m.gowlings.com/knowledgecentre/article.asp?pubID=3864 LLP, P. (2015).Freedom of Association The MPAO Decision.Phillips Gill LLP. Retrieved 21 February 2015, from https://www.phillipsgill.com/2015/01/22/freedom-of-association-the-mpao-decision/ MacCharles, T. (2015). Supreme Court strikes down rule banning RCMP union.Hamilton Spectator. Retrieved from https://www.thespec.com/news-story/5261788-supreme-court-strikes-down-rule-banning-rcmp-union/ Scc-csc.gc.ca,. (2012).Supreme Court of Canada - SCC Case Information - Summary - 35423. Retrieved 21 February 2015, from https://www.scc-csc.gc.ca/case-dossier/info/sum-som-eng.aspx?cas=35423 Scc-csc.lexum.com,. (2015).Meredith v. Canada (Attorney General) - SCC Cases (Lexum). Retrieved 21 February 2015, from https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/14576/index.do Scc-csc.lexum.com,. (2015).Mounted Police Association of Ontario v. Canada (Attorney General) - SCC Cases (Lexum). Retrieved 21 February 2015, from https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/14577/index.do